Doing Business in Japan Essay Example for Free

Doing rail line in japan EssayAs a dissolver of learning about the geography, climate, history, religion, cultural rituals, politics, education establishment, and the role of the family it will allow a line of reasoning or line of descent person the insight needed to ensure how society functions and the method in which business is conducted. Geography Climate lacquer is an island nation that is located across the lacquerese Sea. lacquer consists of the islands of Hokkaiodo, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). The landscape of japan is 71 percent mountainous (Population Demographics, 2007). Japan is a small country that is situated in the northern temperate z angiotensin converting enzyme. Japan experiences the four seasons similar to that of North America. Japan experiences typhoons which atomic number 18 a lot stronger than their sister hurricanes in the Atlantic (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). Religion Over eighty-four percent of the people in Japan ob serve Buddhism, Shintoist or a combination of both. Confucianism from China added loyalty and hierarchy to the mix, and Taoism gave order and sanction to the system of regimen. The introduction of Buddhism brought contemplative religious aspects and helped to develop their nuance of craft and architecture.With the addition of Christianity, western ideas intimately importantly social justice and reform were infused into society (Long, 1994). Religion is non a large part of the Nipp binglese society, unless people will usually execute such holidays as birthdays, weddings and funerals (Japan, 2007). Recent History Japan went through major change during the World War II, when most of their cities and infrastructure was dam senesced or destroyed. After the war, they drafted a new constitution and the population of Japan began rebuilding the country. In only a few decades, Japan become the second largest economy in the world.In the 1990s, Japan suffered and economic down turn be cause of scandals and over-investment. The Asian economic crisis of 1998 caused Japan to experience its worst corner since World War II (Japan History, 2007). From 2003 onward the economy has been improving, even surpassing at one point, that of the United States and E. U. (Economy of Japan, 2007). Current Issues in Japan Political Issues every(prenominal) alieners entering the country are to be fingerprinted and photographed in a recent effort to fight terrorism. Also, airlines and ships must provide passenger lists before arriving in the country. nigh may be very reluctant to wealthy person their photograph and fingerprints taken. Passenger lists may be condemnation consuming and costly for cruise lines or encumbrance vessels that wish to enter the country. at that place is pressure from the United States, for Japan to resume refueling of foreign vessels in the Indian Ocean, however there is often rivalry within the Nipponese government. This opposition may lead to tensi on betwixt Japan and the United States. This could lead to some negative consequences for United States-Japan trade. (Chief, 2007).The Japanese government has sent a senior foreign minister to Iran to inquire about the kidnapping of Satoshi Nakamura, a Japanese student, more than a month ago. The Iranian judicature is ignoring Japan, forcing the Japanese minister to Pakistan to ask for help in this matter (Official release, 2007). This will only negatively affect Iranian-Japanese relations. Social Issues Twenty percent of Japans population is age sixty or older. At the same time, the country has had a declining birthrate for a few decades. The population of Japan peaked in 2004 and started to decrease afterwards.The think given is that that more women are working and they do not see it necessary to declare children. (Japan fertility, 2005). One blogger notes that women may be insecure about having children (Coco, 2006). The dearth of labour will force more older men to stay in the work force as well as force more women into the business world. Economic Issues Japans declining birthrate is a major concern for the Japanese economy. The country needs to maintain a healthy population to keep its economy strong this is proving very difficult (Atsumi, 2007).One foreseen problem of the low fertility rate is that the already suffering social pension fund could be gritty further (Japan fertility, 2005). The Tax Commission has found that taxes must be raised in order the finance the growing social welfare cost. People in Japan are purchasing portable technology, and the Japanese market is showing a sharp decline in purchase of home computers. With the high costs of home computers and the advances in technology could mean a shift in how people use and access the internet.The companies that produce home computers are now break their focus to the developing world (PCs, 2007). Social Organization Family Japanese families moved away from their traditional family stru ctures after World War II when the occupying American forces created a new, Western, family ideology. The father still remains the heading of most traditional families in Japan, but there are shifts in how a Japanese family is organized. Women, who would have remained at home to manage the household affairs, are now obtaining employment outside of the household.Since more Japanese women are entering the workforce, the men are being necessary to take on more of the household and child raising responsibilities (Long, 1994). Another change that has occurred in Japanese society is the idea of the multi-generation family living together. Although common at one time, many elderly people are not living with their families anymore (Family, 2007). Roles of Men and Women Japan was traditional a male centered society. However, presently after World War II women were legally given equal rights as men. A great change came when women started to work outside the household.Companies in Japan wer e, and still are, desperate for skilled workers, and with participation of women in the workforce, it helped companies fill their need for workers (Matsui, 2007). Workplace In the workplace, as in other areas of the Japanese collectivist culture, they weigh themselves as part of a group. Workers are judge to show the utmost loyalty to the firms they work for. Leadership in Japan is not based on a Western values of assertiveness or quick decision making. A good leader in Japan is expected to take the interests of his subordinates into accounting and create consensus among the group.Seniority within a group is determined by age and length of service, rather than by individual effort and initiative (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Their system of group management rewards the team effort and rarely the individual. Often accomplishments are credited to the entire group and not the individual. Individuals are motivated to participate in group activities and maintain harmony. The pride of the individual or the group is expressed through competition with similar groups in the company or other companies (Long, 1994). graceful Etiquette for Doing Business in JapanPerception of Westerners The Japanese have some common preconceived notions about Westerners. Japanese see Westerners as lacking patience, a good deal interrupting, and being bad listeners. They often see Westerners as being unable to work in teams. They may seeWestern expressions of friendship as insincere. Japanese may some generation perceive Westerners as being selfish. Business Etiquette Protocol In Japanese culture person-to-person space is highly enjoyed, they are not a tactual people, and they dislike being crowded. In Japanese culture they try to avoid direct eye contact with other individuals.When yawning, coughing, or using a toothpick, they overcompensate their mouths. The pointing of feet at another person is considered to be rude, and is therefore important to sit with correct posture. Criti cizing and disrespecting authority openly, and being impatient are seen as disrespectful. In business, the personal relationships are far more important than the business itself. In order to do business with a company in Japan formal introductions, patience, flexibility, and respect are vital. Business gondola cards are very important in Japanese business culture, and business people often carry many business cards.When meeting a business contact for the first time it is important to bow, or shake hands, then exchange business cards. When presenting or receiving a business card one is expected to use both hands and put it in a pocket, above the waist, after carefully reading it. For foreigners, it is common practice to have a Japanese translation on the back of the card (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Men and women are expected to wear are dark and expensive suits. Business women are encouraged to wear conservatively. Business meetings must be scheduled far in advanced.Before the meet ing, Westerners should mail or fax a expand list outlining what is to be discussed. One must establish relationships with middle and junior level managers or they may resent the person for having bypassed them and feel they have been insulted. When see a Japanese company it is customary to remove ones jacket immediately upon entering and putting it back on as soon as one leave. The leader of the group should introduce each of the group members in descending order of rank. Visitors are to exchange business first with the Japanese executives and then with subordinates in descending order.In the Japanese culture there is an expectation of receiving a gift at the first meeting. The presentation of the gift can be as or more important that the actual gift itself. Gifts must be given with both hands, and are often rejected a few times before they are accepted. Gifts are not opened when they are received. Certain flowers or potted plants do not make suitable gifts because of the meaning the Japanese associate with them. It is recommended to inform that one informs they are giving a gift beforehand (Roberts. 2007). Socializing EatingJapanese extend their affinity to their groups by socialisation outside of work (Long, 1996). Japanese men and women are considered heavy drinkers. Incorrect behaviour while drunk is often forgiven. In Japan it is not expected for one to leave a tip for their servers. In restaurants, where sitting on the group is required, is common practice for men to sit cross-legged and women to sit on their legs or with their legs off to one side. Communication High context High context and low context are two terms used to answer for broad differences between cultures.High context cultures are those where the main aspects of the culture are vague and not explicit. Generally collective cultures tend to be high-context, where much of what is being said is non-verbal, and the level of understanding depends on your relationship with the other party. Japan is a prime example of a high context culture (Beer, 2003). Face Saving face means preserving your or someone elses dignity, self-respect, or good reputation. In cultures that are high-context face is a major characteristic. There are many ways that a person might cause the other individual to lose face.Derogatory remarks, reveling of personal inadequacy, or being hale to compromise a cherished value are ways in which face is broken (Face, 2007). Avoiding a loss of face generally means neer saying no, and being politely evasive when conveying disagreement (Face, 2007). Greetings When conducting business in Japan, it is very important to know the proper amount of respect owed to individuals. Japan has a very formal and ritualized culture. Bowing is the Japanese custom greeting. How far you bow depends on your relationship with the other individual (Genezberger et al. , 1996).If you were to be greeted for the first time in Japan, it is recommended that one waits to be introduc ed, since it can be seen as being rude to introduce oneself. Foreigners may be only expected to bow their head slightly or shake hands (Doing Business, 2007). Practical Considerations Immigration In an effort to counter terrorism, all foreigners will be finger printed and photographed when entering the country. Japan has an agreement with some countries where only passports are required to enter. Foreigner tourists are required to carry their passports at all times. A visa required if one plans on extending their stay over 90 days.It usually takes about two days to a week to obtain a Visa, depending on the situation at the embassy you are applying. A single visa costs 3000 yen to obtain. Certain countries have exemptions from paying fees. (A Guide, 2007). Travel When traveling in Japan it is recommended that one does not travel long distances, because of cost. However, traveling long distance one can travel by train, highway bus, airplane, or long distances ferries. Renting a car is another possibility for travel. Accommodations For single travelers the prices of hotel rooms will vary depending on the travelers budget.The price range for inexpensive business hotels would cost between 3,500 and 7,000 yen per day. For more expensive business hotels, or Western style hotels the prices can be from 7,000 yen and above. Adaptation and Survival Public washrooms rarely have toilet paper, so one should bring their own. It is important to ask for a toi, short for toilet, not a bathroom, otherwise one may be direct to a room for bathing. When traveling, it is polite to store your backpack or luggage out of the way of other travelers (Haslam, 2002). Heath Emergencies All households are required to have a survival kit in case of an earthquake. Japan Travel, 2007). English speaking hospitals and services may not be covered by Japanese national health insurance, and could end up costing visitors money (Rogers, 1994). Conclusion Japan is a very collectivist culture and it ve ry apparently in everyday business dealings. To a Western business person business protocol and etiquette may seem very unusual. It is important to understand that their traditions and customs are deeply rooted in their history. However, Japanese people view Western business practices just as unusual, but they are very accommodating to foreign business people. References

Nature is not just a matter of presenting landscapes Essay Example for Free

Nature is not just a matter of symbolizeing landscapes EssayThe two poems in which I feel use nature as a source of inducing emotion and meaning to the reader be London, William Blake and To nightfall, Lord Byron. Both poems present nature in super contrasting forms. To Autumn is a strongly appreciative poem of nature. It presents the cycle of nature and season, a depth to which the bank clerk bug outs to be contemplating what autumn represents. The poets is gives a calm and peaceful feeling which is purely throwd by the scenery and way in which Byron presents nature. London on the other hand contrasts the fine scenery of To Autumn by portraying an image of a distress ridden city where depression is rife. There seems to be an apparent link between the poems which shows how the unveiling of nature alters the emotions felt by the reader towards the way of life. Landscape is a main factor that distinguishes these poems. It appears to be the foundation of the poems meanings . The landscape is created by both poets through with(predicate) nature, either in its ingrained form or of the needing appearance of natural form.To Autumns main theme is natures seasons and the transitions that take place to nature over time. The narrator is describing the ripening of fruit, possible in an orchard. The beauty of natures changing form is something that is organism contemplated by the narrator as they delve to find a deeper meaning in nature. It could be seen that the narrator concludes the cycles has different stages as does life. Within the first stanza the narrator appears to be admiring the ripening adjoin of fruit and how it is preparing to grow fully until it is in arrant(a) form, as suggested byTo Swell the Gourd, and plump the hazel shells. The maturing solarise shedding light onto the fruit seems to be the fruits necessary inspiration to ripen into its ideal form. The sunshine represents the inspiration nature is giving nature on earth. The poet soul ifies the Sun and seems to indicate the bosom is a creature with a mind of its own Close blossom-friend of the maturing sun / Conspiring with him how to load the bless/ The second stanza seems to be presenting the harvesting process and the suns setting upon the fruit. This stanza suggests the presence of natures implications over domain.It again emphasises the peacefulness and peacefullity induced by nature. Natures fudge over humans is shown in this case through the plants created by nature Drowsed with the fumes of poppies The admiration of nature through its landscapes, scenes and creatures appears to create a feeling of peaceful, tranquil emotions. There are no ch solelyenges presented to natures ripening process. The poem narrates the simplicity and ease nature develops at. This leads on to the contrasting themes presented in London. London has a serious lack of natural form.It was written in the time of the industrial revolution and could be a protest by Blake against this absence of natural form. It presents the city of London, and contrastingly to the natural beauty in To Autumn and the natural flesh nature develops, it show the effects of destroying nature through urbanisation. The interference of human in adjusting the landscape seems to be the cause of the despairing feeling passim the poem. The poem portrays a place of misery and despair. The charterd street/ Near where the charted themes do flow, /Indicate the way in which humans are trying to restrict and manipulate natures natural course. The repetition of charterd suggest the limitations human stir put on nature and in due course on themselves. The freedom in To Autumn is emphasised by the vastness overwhelming presence of nature. Contrastingly the restricting landscape presented in London is reflected in the lack of freedom suggested to the reader. The use of light in London is a direct contrast to the use in to Autumn. The blackning church and midnight streets give a subdue feeling wi th an implication of despair.Light is a source given by nature, the lack of it in London emphasises the lack of nature through out the city. In To Autumn the sun is personified and is the giver of life to natures plants, ripening them and creating perfect form. The sun has a Clos bosom-friend that suggests a caring and nurturing instinct. The Presence of Humans is an obvious factor throughout London. There is misery within the city portrayed, and although humans are represented, they appear a more generalised object than individual characters themselves.There is a mind of misery created by the restrictions the inhabitants of the city are living under. The restrictions that have been implemented on these humans, seems to be a reflection of the restrictions the human race has put on nature. In the poem man has destroyed the open vastness of nature that represents freedom. The circumstances they have created for nature, by rectifying buildings, seem in turn to have impacted their way freedom. Through destroying natures natural course they have destroyed the nature of humans.There is no interaction between humans with in the poems and the population seems to be generalised object, as opposed to each individual having a face-to-face character. This could be linked to the destroying of natures difference and replacing the individual areas with identical building all created of concrete and blocks. To support the theory that the humans misery was self inflicted through their choice to destroyed nature, the narrator states that the people are restricted by mind-forged manacles. The tag of weakness, marks of woe are human traits and do not occur throughout To Autumn.To autumn has very limited presence of human. The presence that is at that place appear to only be there to admire the wonders of nature and in no way to interfere with its natural form. The attitude humans living in concord with nature is what creates a far more relaxed and peaceful poem. Im exampleit y is another focus in London that is contrasted by the harmony in to Atumn. There is galore(postnominal) suggestions that the people in London are honorablely corrupt and live in a corrupt society. The lamp chimney sweepers cry is one reference that shows this.Chimney sweeps were always small children carrying out a very dangerous job with inadequate protection. The matter adults were putting children in a position of danger which whitethorn have made them cry suggests morals have been disregarded. The reference to the Blackning Church is another example. The church is a place of help for those in need, God is there to look after those who need help. Yet despair is rife surrounding the church and no source of aid is being supplied. Instead there is a negative dim portrayal of the church. The church within the poem is giving out a hypocritical aura.There appears to be no negative moral within To Autumn, nature and the people live in harmony. As far as the poem explains there does n ot appear to be any moral corruption, there is a level of respect held by people. The poems moral message is to appreciate nature and the beauty of autumn. The cycle taking place in To Autumn is shown in all aspects on nature. The sun carries out a cycle through the day, rising in the morning and setting in the evening to create the soft-dying day. Even though the cycle is at its end it is portrayed as calm and peaceful this is because it is known it is not the end for ever.The cycle will encompass and the beauty and lights the sun has produced during the day will continue on. Again at the beginning of the poem the reader is shown the beauty of fruit ripening until it is ready to be picked from its roots. When it is picked it is not seen as an act of destroying nature but as a part of its cycle. The poem is emphasising that even though autumn is nearing the end of the year and very much bring cold and death of plants and nature, it is not the season of death as everything returns. The narrator is appreciating the beauty he sees in nature and the natural death and brook of aspects.This is contrasted in london there is no apparent cycle that is developed in the poem. It suggest the misery and poverty is endless. Nature can not be re created once it has been destroyed in such a way shown in the poem. Therefore the poets is suggesting the happiness and natural cycle can never be restored and the circumstances created are forever. London is formed of four stanzas all containing four lines. Most lines contain eight syllables and there is a regular ABAB rhythm. The format is extrememly refined and compact. This could reflect the repression and restricted life the poem is portraying.Blake uses repetition throughout the poem to emphasis certain words. There are random capital letters primed(p) at points in the poem where they are not grammatically correct, again this could be a method of emphasising these particular words. There is a first person narrative I wande r thro each charterd street, yet there is not personal emotion. The language is plain including no dialect but is forcesful, this supports the lack of personal opinions and feelings portray. This again could be supporting the theme of a generalised and restricted population that cannot think for themselves.To Autumn is presented in a more relaxed from, there are three stanzas of eleven lines each. The length of them makes it easier Keats to present the meanings of the poem though a story telling manner. Each stanza has a different theme and they lead on to one another. The active verbs in To Autumn such as run bend and budding emphasis the process and development in the cycle of nature. support modifiers such as sitting carelessly are also present, this is to emphasis the tranquillity the poem is presenting. Keats also uses archaic language to emphasise the ancientness of the process taking place in autumn.The language gives a detailed, vivid, visual image. The use of soft letters again shows the calmness as the poem sounds calm when being read aloud. To Autumn and London differ all aspects shown portrayed in the poems. The landscape, attitudes of people and feelings induced when reading the poems all differ. However the poem have a very similar theme, that nature is a source of good and beauty. Blake portrays a world without nature and emphasises that as a result of this people are poverty stricken and miserable.When reading the poem there are feeling of sorrow and disgust at the controlled immoral society. His overall message therefore must have a link with the train of thought nature unhampered with induces peace and tranquillity. Keats is showing the beauty of nature even in one of the less approbatory months. The people throughout the poem are happy in harmony with nature. The reader feels a sense of tranquillity when reading the poem. The poems therefore are highly contrasting yet their underlying moral message is similar and in their individual ways t hey are showing appreciation for nature.

Change Management in Nursing

swop Management in NursingA wellness c ar setting institution with advanced health technology and high calibers doesnt mean quality nursing care locoweed be offered, unless accomp anying with effective clinical attractership. This essay has a strong focus on solely aspects of clinical leadership. A case will be used to find out how should effective leadership skill be. Both internal and international factors should be analysed. The latter factors can be found out by PESTEL. Change vigilance is helpful to develop strategies for handling the issue. In recommendations, team calculate, index finger, communication and unveiling skills, conflict management, emotional intelligence and autocratic leadership style all are crucial to solve the issue and a clinician should equip with them. Before final all the discussion, training myself as a reflective practitioner is helpful to develop my future practice.Clinical leadership- What is this?It has various definitions. Harper (1995, p. 81) defines a clinical leader as one who possesses clinical expertise in specialty practice area and who uses inter face-to-face skills to enable nurses and other healthcare providers to deliver quality enduring care. More elaborately, it also involves an environment where nurses are empowered and where there is a vision for the future. Clinical leadership requires leadership skills for team building, confidence and respect of others, as well as vision and empowerment. Equally important, clinical leaders moldiness also be good communicators. Meanwhile, Stanley (2006) suggests not only the in a higher placementioned elements clinical leaders put up to demonstrate, but also the followings- approachable and character model. Approachable means a clinical leader should be friendly and openness rather than controlling and sniffy (Stanley, 2006). Role model means clinical leader who serves as an example, whose behaviour is emulated by other nurses (Stanley, 2006). To summarise the a bove elements, clinical leadership is effective if clinical leaders are expert in their field, and because they are approachable, effective communicators and empowered, are able to become a role model, motivating other nurses by duplicate their values and beliefs about nursing and care to their practice (Stanley, 2006).Leadership is important in healthcare today. In Hong Kong, Hospital Authority emphasises any potential or experienced leaders should be educated and trained. Enhancing professional competencies and building up effective leadership is the fleet priority. In action, providing simulation skill-based training for nurses developing mod in-house specialty training programs for nurses offering corporate scholarship for overseas training creating full-time executive development mental attitudes organising senior executive development program and other leadership development all are beneficial to nurture competent clinical leaders (Hospital Authority annual plan, 2010).Cas e scenarioThis short paragraph is tone ending to describe a case I experienced at my area of practice. Having been a senior nurse at my body of work, I am mainly responsible for nursing administration, such as arranging vacation go for my colleagues. One day, one of my subordinates requested annual bring out during the Chinese Lunar New form as she hasnt been a long vacation leave during the feast for a few years. Her request was simply rejected because of compelling reason- inadequate manpower. I conjecture it was reasonable to reject her request. However, the colleague had seemed disappointed my decision and complained this incident to my senior. It is time for me to contemplate which aspect, for example, communication and interpersonal skills or poor decision making, which I was doing persecute in this leadership issue. In short, there might be conflict issues between the subordinate and senior.AnalysisThere are many external factors which bear on the leadership issue. It is important to reveal them so as to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to my work environment. PESTEL is an analytical tool to help decision-maker to consider what external factors are important. Political, economic, social, technological, respectable and legal factors or PESTEL factors in short should be discovered. The following grid shows the synopsisAny inequality legislation committed due to subordinates request creation rejectedA divvy up of alternative nursing employment may contribute provide submitted resignationStaff social life may be affected due to imbalance work and social timeOutdated IT equipments impede work flow and efficiencyUnfair to the subordinate or not, wish of respect as her wish is rejectedTake precaution of any changes in employees holidays policy/protocolHaving listed the key factor in each PESTEL area, purification will be given regarding to individual area. Political factor can be interpreted as what is happening politically in the environment in which a decision-maker operates (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should pay attention that any inequality ordinance may be committed, for subordinates request for holidays during public holidays is refused. Economic factor can be interpreted as what is happening within the economy (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should beget notice on every decision. Careless decision may incur aggravated healthcare staff submitted resignation, for there are a lot of nursing vacancies offered by other clinics, hospitals and old age homes. Social factor can be interpreted as what is occurring socially in an environment in which a decision-maker operates (Mennen, 2007). Having vacation leave during special festival is a reasonable desire for all shift-based healthcare staff. A decision-maker may be in dilemma whose staff can deliver vacation leave as manpower is so tight. technological factor can be interpreted as what is happening in technology which can impact what a deci sion-maker does (Mennen, 2007). In this regard, outdated healthcare technology can affect the leadership issue also. Inefficacy may be caused by the outdated equipment results time-consuming in a simple procedure, such as preparing a roster for frontline staff. Ethical factor can be interpreted as what is right or wrong philosophically (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should underscore any decided judgment should be morally acceptable, such as frontline staffs request should be fairly arranged. Prejudice and bias should be avoided. Legal factor can be interpreted as what is happening with changes to legislation (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should update his/her understanding in any staff vacation leave protocol or policy in consecrate to maintain the staff maximum benefit. To make a brief summary, PESTEL can enable an organization to anticipate future threats and take action to escape from their impact.Change managementThe term-change management is coined by Lewin (1951).Change management model is known as unfreeze, change and refreeze (Mind Tools Ltd, 2010). Change is unavoidable of something is needed to be amended. This paragraph is going to explore how the change management model can be applied in the clinical issue. Before application, force field analysis should be performed. The analysis starts from the premise that any situation is held in a stable position by a series of equal and opposite forces. Change occurs about when the forces become out of balance. The analysis is useful when a decision-maker knows where he/she wants to go but is stuck. The following shows the analysisRestraining forces forcesPushing forcesMaintaining adequate manpower is the top priorityStaff discontents the holiday during the Chinese New YearPoor mood and low work efficiency due to no holidays during the special festival strength and discipline are paramount to uphold damp patient services/benefitInvolved staff politicizes the issue (i.e. complaint the issue to manageme nt level)Frontline staff is an important asset in caring-demand work environmentTo execute change, pushing forces must be greater than restricting forces and the need for change has been recognized. In application of the Lewin (1951) model, the first step should prepare the organization to accept that change is necessary, which involves break down the existing status quo before building up a new way for the next stage (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, ensuring there is strong support from management team. Compelling message should be disseminated vacation leave during special festival is possible if manpower is enough. Maintaining stable manpower is essential to provide quality nursing care. At the same time, managerial staff should reside open to subordinates concerns and address in terms of the need to change.The second stage is where people begin to resolve their uncertainty and look for new ways to do things. People start to believe and act in ways that support the ne w perpetration (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, effective communication and empowerment are significant. More clearly, managerial staff should prepare every staff for what is happening if staff requests annual leave during special festival. Also, explanations exactly by the managerial staff how the changes will affect every staff.The third stage is when the change (i.e. no one is approval for vacation leave during special festival unless manpower is allowed) is pickings shape and subordinates have embraced the new ways of protocol, the organization is ready to refreeze (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, the organisation should anchor the changes into the culture. Establishing feedback system is helpful to sustain the change. Having vacation leave immediately aft(prenominal) special festival is encouraged.RecommendationsThere are six recommendations to solve the leadership issue. The concept of teamwork should be imparted into the ward practice. Nursing care is teamwork-based. The impressiveness of teamwork should not be ignored. Teamwork in health care can be defined as a dynamic process involving two or to a greater extent health care professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising collaborated physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating client care (Agich, 1982). I have to explain her that the importance of teamwork. All colleagues need to understand how important it is for them to work smoothly together if they want to provide quality care. All colleagues must be dedicated to the whole nursing team and be willing to act unselfishly. In other words, sacrifice, in a certain extent, is necessary. To build up teamwork culture, making sure that the team goals are completely clear and understood and accepted by each frontline staff. In addition, I have to be vigilant with interpersonal issues. Early recognising them and dealing with them in full are highly recommended .PowerThere is a famous proverb-nothing can be done without power (Power, 1999). The appropriate use of power is important for clinical leadership, for a healthcare setting environment depends on social relationship based on power. Power (1999) defines power in terms of control or influence over the behaviour of other with or without their consent. Power can be classified as physical, position, resources, expert and intuitive. Position rather than other power should be used in the issue. Position power equals legitimate power. It means occupancy of a role entitles one to the rights of that role in the organization (Power, 1999). As a decision-maker, I have considerable right to determine something. Not approving staff with inert leave during the special festival during the Chinese New Year is a logical and reasonable decision. Both parties interest (i.e. patient and ward) can be preserved. foundation and communication skillsOral communication skills consistently rank near the top o f competencies valued by clinical leaders. As a clinical leader, promoting positive workplace relations through conservation is highly recommended (Burnard, 1997).. In the leadership issue, I have to offer constructive criticism pertinent to the issue rather than today rejecting her request. Think currently about what I want to say is the first step. Next, be specific in conveying core message during face-to-face communication. fix rather than vague assertion is preferred. I do wish there is enough manpower during the special festival so you can have holiday us better than your request is banned due to inadequate manpower. On the one hand, I have to offer help and empathy her. More clearly, holiday after the special festival should be arranged immediately and understanding that the mood of no holiday during the festival.Conflict managementSince different staff will have different viewpoints, ideas and desire, conflict is unavoidable in any group. The sources of conflict are disagr eement on how things should be done, personal interest as well as tension and stress (Shortell Kaluzny, 1997). The outcomes of conflict include polarization, low morale and regrettable behaviours produced. Therefore, conflict should be well encouraged In this regard, understanding how conflicts arise is important. Obviously, the above mentioned conflict can be categorized as personal interest (i.e. requesting on holidays during the special festival). To handle the conflict due to personal interest, compromise or negotiation is effective to settle down the incident. I have to talk with her gently as manpower is too tense, your compromise is critical. At the same time, I have to manage the issue intelligently, banning her request straightforwardly seems provoking her emotion. Rather, I have to refuse her request euphemistically. For example, your request must be okay if manpower is enough.Emotional intelligenceEmotional intelligence is recognition of our own feelings and those of ot hers (,). A clinical leader who accurately perceives others emotions can handle change better and build stronger social networks. To achieve so, three emotional intelligence skills a clinical leader should possess. The skills include social skills, motivation and self-awareness. Social skills are the superpower to influence or persuade others (Pahl, 2008). Good communication skill is a typical example. Motivation is able to enjoy challenges and be passionate about work and initiate optimism (Pahl, 2008). Motivating all frontline staff to work at the special festival is a big challenge task. Self awareness is a sound understanding of ones emotions or self-assessment in short (Pahl, 2008). Understanding my own strengths and weaknesses is helpful to deal with emotional event.AuthoritarianAutocratic rather than laissez-faire and democratic styles should be considered. Autocratic style is an autocratic leader who is directive and makes decisions for a group. Being autocratic does not m ean the leader is a dictator. Instead, the leader usually provides direction and makes decisions (Northhouse, 2010). Meanwhile, laisser-faire style is noninterference in the affairs of others and democratic style is subordinates have an equal say in the decision-making process (Northhouse, 2010). In the leadership issue, if a lot of subordinates requests annual leave during the special festival, inadequate manpower is guaranteed. Therefore, laissez-faire and democratic styles mustnt be adopted because it is impossible for subordinates to freely choose the period of vacation leave. To disallow any chaos in holiday arrangement, autocratic style is the best style to be adopted.Development of future practiceThis experience should be in my heart because the experience I engaged is helpful to my future practice. Reflective practice is highly recommended. It is associated with learning from past experience, and is regarded as an important strategy for health professionals who embrace life long learning (Johns, 2009). Due to the ever changing context of healthcare, there is a high level of demand on healthcare professionals expertise. healthcare professionals could benefit from reflective practice, since the act of reflection is seen as a way of promoting the development of autonomous and qualified professionals. Engaging in reflective practice is associated with the benefit of the quality of care and stimulating professional growth. In practical step, there are several frameworks for reflection, for instance, Gibbs reflective cycle. Gibbs (1998) developed the reflective cycle in order to provide structure for reflecting on a nursing situation. The cycle involves six phases. The first phase is to describe what happen (i.e. the case scenario). The second phase is to venture and feel about the scenario (i.e. unwisely to handle the issue). The third phase is to evaluate what was good and bad about the experience (i.e. adequate manpower can be maintained but the involv ed subordinate become angry). The fourth phase is to analyse what sense can I make of the issue (i.e. managing conflict of personal interest intelligently). The fifth phase is to think what else could I have done (i.e. managing conflict tactically). The final phase is to prepare contingency plan (i.e. if it arose again, what would I do). finaleSo far, all aspects of clinical leadership have been covered. To solve the issue due to personal interest, negotiation with involved staff, wisely-used conflict management skills, fully utilizing position power and compelling presentation skills all are constructive to the issue. Before settling down the issue, both PESTEL analysis and change management should be engaged. The strengths of the above are to discover any threats as soon as possible and implement related changes immediately. Successful settling down the issue doesnt mean a clinical leader demonstrates effective clinical leadership. As clinical leadership is a persistent phenomena performed by a clinical leader, reflective skill a clinical leader should have so as to enhance clinical leadership in an advanced level. (Words 2711)

Corus strip products UK’s change management

Corus strip harvest-homes UKs transplant managementCorus was formed in 1999 when the former British blade plc merged with Dutch ships caller, Hoogovens. Corus has three operating division, first is strip products, second is long products and third is distribution building administration.Corus strip products UK (CSP UK) is establish at behavior Talbot and Llanwern, Newport in south wales. CSP UK describes poise in strip form. This is used in merchandises such as fomite manufacture, construction, electrical appliances, tubes and packaging.Corus aims to be a leader in the trade name pains by providing bust products, higher quality, customer services better value for m unrivall(a)edy than its rivals.In the 2005 CSP UK introduced a heathenish plan for switch over called The journey. The journey focused value and belief of its people.This case study is mainly focused on how Corus strip UK has stamp down hindrances to variety show in order to obtain a more prosperous fut ure for the parley channel.Using example, explain what is meant by internal and external drivers for revision?IntroductionBusiness, now-a-days is vitally affected by theeconomic, social, legal, technological and policy-making factors. These factors collectively form business surround. Business environment, as such, is the total of all external forces, which affect the organisation and operations of business. The environment of an organisation has got internal, operable and general lives managers must be awargon of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance.The term business environment implies those external forces, factors and institutions that are beyond the control of individualistic business organisations and their management and affect thebusiness enterprise.Above we describe the environmental factors that require managers to implement comprehensive commute programme.Business must respond to these alterations to hang on competitive and con tinue to meet the needs of their customers. They need the commitment and support of key stake holders groups such as employees, in order to ensure changes are embedded to shape the organisation for the long term.Basic meaning of the drivers for changeDrivers are more or lessthing like barriers which are affecting to the business and we must need to change in the organisation to continue running business is adept situation in the market.If there is anything that is stead fast and unchanging, it is change itself. Change is inevitable, and those organizations who do non keep up with change will become unstable, with long-term survivability in question.There are things, so farts, or situations that slide by that affect the way a business ope tramps, either in a irrefutable or negative way. These things, situations, or events that occur that affect a business in either a positive or negative way are called tearaway(a) forces.In order for a business to succeed and gain the competiti ve edge, the business must receive what changes are indeed occurring, and what changes might be coming up in the future. I guess you might call this forecasting. thereof, critical to the business is what we call breedingal resources.It is the parade and analysis of data.There are two types of organizational drivers for change superstar is internal driving forces and new(prenominal) is external driving forces. We are discussing both of the drivers in briefly.Drivers to changeInternal drivers External driversOrganization of machinery and equipment CompetitionTechnological capacity Customer demeanour and theirrequirementOrganizational culture Industry outlook instruction system Financial management DemographicsPoor services EconomyCompetitiveness Technological changesEmployee moraleInternal driversInternal driving forces are those kinds of things, situations, or events that occur inside the business, and are generally under the control of the company.Examples like, organization o f machinery and equipment, technological capacity, organizational culture, management systems, etc.There are many types of internal drivers in the business it resist to change.Organization of machinery and equipmentIf in the organization does not used the good equipment and powerful machinery or otherwise this machinery fall in al shipway division so at that time industry loss their production and with exploitation old equipment it atomic number 50not maturate more.Workers mostly require good equipment to an easily produced. Like, in steel industry has not good manufacturing plant so their employee cannot produce more. Thus these types of problem mainly arise in the production establish industry so it can be solve their barriers to rearrangement of machinery and plant.Technological capacityIn the modern time we using the old technology and thats capacity is lower-rankinger than new one so its a barriers to the organization to change. Like , A tyre manufacture industry produce a 1000 tyre per day and in the market B tyre industry retain good technology and they produce 3500 tyre per day so as compare to the B industry put one over a more production capacity. Thus this is an internal barrier to change technology for company A.Organizational cultureOrganization culture mostly play on the rifleers and the high level management mental faculty because in the industry required more workers this all are not in one severalise and one area, thus they arise a problem of communication and cooperation so all the different cultures employees in the one place divisions in industry, thus all have a different skills and practices for work. People prefer to live in the company of other people with known habits and traits. This is the reason culture act as barrier to effective communication indoors an organization.E.g. based on distance, distance is major example of communication barrier that affect an organization. Because every industry offices placed in differe nt location give little to people to interact in person and major business communication barriers exists between employees located in different offices.Management systemsMost of the industries success depends on their management system, because they know How to they manage their problem, how they create their policy, what are motto, goal and etc. is affected to the industry.If company not have a good management team up so how they create a good system and survive in the market. Thus this one is in addition an internal factor of the low management system in industry.Financial managementIf companys financial position is not good or they have no enough money for the investment so how they survive and compete in the market. Like in India Satyam computer corporation have a big staff and a huge industry but their financial management low, because their chair men Raju ram linga fraud to the finance and give the wrong data in the annual report and and then in 2009, that fraud is come out in the market and then after government taking a beardown(prenominal) flavor and stop the handling.Poor servicesIf the organization doesnt give time to time good service than others thats an internal drivers for change. Like, if McDonalds service staff not delivered the food for thought of the customer requirement and its time so its not good for the companys. Its a one types of barriers to McDonalds must to change their service and give the better service to customer. Thus its leading to loss of business.CompetitivenessIf the inside business cannot control of price of the product as compare to competitors industry so they must to take some step and resist to change the price of their product and decrease their product cost. Like, CSP steel produced company in the UK could be more expensive than from some other country.Employee moraleEmployee morale is withal affected to the business. If in the organization have a low morale employee so they have no idea of how they work and co operate to other in the industry. Generally many employee have no basic idea of work and their behaviour so they have very low standard and employee has not tone of voiceing good and they are not satisfied in the industry, thus company must change their employee morale.External driversExternal driving forces are those kinds of things, situation, or events that occur outside of the company and are by a large beyond the control of the company. Examples of external driving forces might be, the industry itself, the economy, demographics, competition, political interference, etc.All are the external drivers arise in the outside of the organization.CompetitionIn the competitive corporate world every company find knottyies to survive and they must change to the compete in market. If Corus steel industry does not change the barriers and they not arrange the programme so they feel very difficult to survive in the competitive market. Todays every industry privation to stay in stable market position.Industry should create the soothsaying of the market and they predict to future, shall they need to change or not, like McDonalds and Sugar n spice. Both are good industry but if one can change the quality so other also improve their quality and service. If McDonalds reduce the price and give a good service then profits n spice also need to change otherwise its lose their position.Customer behaviour and their requirementCustomer is the king of the market so company has to remember their requirement, like what they want? , what change need? Are they requiring a new product and what they expect from company? This all the basic agenda of to read a potential customer. Corus in steel product it require a quality of steel and outlook of the products.I want to give example of Ashok Leyland vehicle industry, they want trolley of the truck but in the desire level like, maximum gage means thickness to steel plate because depend in thickness to their product life.Industry outlookI ndustry outlook means company is good or bad in eye of ordering, group, local and world(prenominal) people. Every company have their own brand image like, coca-cola brand image, coca-cola is good company as per their behaviour towards the society. Because they provide the better environment to society.DemographicsThis barrier is based on the area, Like in Gujarat, Reliance unobjectionable open the store in city in one or two and then after two years later domestic area is increase means population is increase so Reliance also increase their fresh mart store in whole area.EconomyThis is the major external factor to the industry. Because economy is includes income, salary, financial position, country growth and growth domestic product (GDP) rate. Like Government control the bike production because the increase the pollution on the environment.Technological changesIn modern time technology is ever change on time to time basis. And industry must walk with the time. In the industry to needed change colligate to efficiency of infrastructure including Roads, ports, airports, rolling stocks, education, wellness care, technological impact on the industry, etc.What barriers to change existed at Corus?IntroductionChange may challenge people abilities, visualize, customs and practice. And also no one companies todays in a stable environment, every one want to change proceed in the business.hither Corus strip products as a company back up the principles of change and innovation. Thus its would like to change every time and innovate their company.First we discuss the whole factor that may resist changing in the organization. Mainly there are two types of source they are resisting to change.SourceIndividual sources Organizational sourcesAddiction or habit Structural inertia security discussion section or natural rubber Limited focus of changeEconomic factor Group inertiaFear of the unknown brat to expertiseSelective information treat Threat to established power rel ationshipThreat to established resource allocationOthersIndividual sources Addiction or often involuntary behaviour Addiction means a one types of habit to repeat some and some habit, to cope with lifes complexities to responses. But when confronted with change, this tendency to respond in our accustomed ways becomes a source of resistance.For E.g.In the company employees have a more habit related to a occupancy post, like one who seated in the marketing managerial and this person transfer to the production manager post, so they fed this is wrong or right, its depend on his habit.Security or safety protection In an every way and in place people want to first basic need and second security. Here people with a high need for security are likely to resist change because it threatens feeling of safety.For E.g.In an IBM industry more people are doing job related to it. So if company in a difficult situation and difficult want to leave their employees and cut out the salary, this is the basic point of unsecure employee, who lost their job.Here in a Corus company also doing a job relation. So they do the guess the employee who working in current situation and also deduct the new vacant in the market. Job deduction had been a major thane in the steel industry. Since the 1970s and some of Corus previous change initiations had let to job cut.Economic financial matters There is many element or economic factor that affects business like income, inflation, recession interest rate, exchange rate and also major elements like economic growth, business cycle, unemployment etc.Business is a now a days is vitally affected by the economic, social, legal, technological and political factors. Corus business has also survived difficult based on employees satisfaction threat to their job. Thus one factor unemployment affect to the Corus because this complacency made change difficult for Corus.Fear of the unknown Most of the people dont like change because they dont like being cha nge. When comes in to view, tending and resistance to change follows often despite its manifest benefit. In the business people fight against change because they fear to loss something their value or misunderstand to change and its implication or dont think that the change makes sense.In the Corus strip based industrys employees had a fear of the unknown and saw new initiatives as a possible threat to their existing teams and position. More fear affect to the companys value and its reputation. If in the Corus employees has fear to their job so in the market Corus value is down in sight of employee.Selective information processing Individual are guilty of selectively processing information in order to keep their perception fact. Like is not properly listen what they say, so how they persist and doing this thing. They hear what they want and they ignore information that challenges the world they have created.Organizational sources Structural inertia In the structural inertia means o rganizations have built in mechanism. In a simple word structural inertia means their selection processes and formalised regulations to produce stability. This all are fundamentally depend on the organisation rules and regulation criteria.If in the Corus industry has strong rules and regulation so, no more barriers exist in the company. Here Corus Company is using the principles change and innovation. So its depend on the companies structure what they want and make change.Limited focus of change Mainly in the company first make strategy and goal of the organization that depend on the process of the business management. If company want to some changes in the strategy so they can do, because its a flexible. If organization process and their strategy is not flexible so end time arise the problem like its barriers to change. So limited changes in system tend to nullified by the largest system.Group inertia Group inertia in the organization most of people like in production department pe ople want to changes in some norms and regulation based on his working system, so they arise one outcome and based on this issue company compulsory make to some resist to change.Threat to expertise Sometimes changes in organizational patterns may threaten the expertise of specialised group.Threat to established power relationship In the organization give stable balance of power, authority and responsibility. If any department have more power, so they want anything, and go to in the wrong way. So any redistribution of decision making authority can threaten long established power relationship within the industry.Threat to established resource allocation In the Corus company have limited resources like its employee and income. Corus company mostly show this resources like capital income and their employees skills and welcome so they maximum use this resources.Others Another issue facing Corus was its ageing workforce. In the UK fewer young people were attracted to the Corus industry because of reduced job opportunities and decrement in apprentice schemes. One more barriers in the Corus its reward system, In the Corus history of rewarding long service rather than distinguished service. determination I think that Corus Company may some changes in the CSP industry. They must change to their attitude towards the employees because most of the employees have fear of unknown. Also they must change their theme, its a job reduction is create a downsizing impression in the market. Corus make fair reward system based on the time based and unit based salary system.Analyse the approaches Corus used to overcome these barriers?IntroductionWe cannot solve our problem by spending we cannot solve our problems cutting back.Education and communication Mainly depend on the employee s skills and education that they solve the overcome the communication barriers. In the organization a number of barriers can retard or distract effective communication. Like filtering, selective perce ption, information overload, emotions and language.Corus is overcome these barriers by using the some key technique, like they involve in direct and indirect communication for example provide weekly news letter and workshops. Communication can reduce resistance because it fights the effects of misinformation and poor communication.Participation Corus has used to overcome resistance to change has been to work closely with employees and share good ideas to each other. This is the main advantage of company because any error in the strategy and in system easily find out and solve in the less time. Corus also participate their employee in decision making because more people lite to take decision. Corus also share with employee to what might happen in the business.Building emotional commitment Research on the middle manager has shown that when manager or employee has a low emotional commitment to change they favour the status quo and resist it. This approach is based on the companys val ues and respects their employee.Implementing changes fairly Corus needed to highlight how to people were behaving. Employee give best response when they think in positive view and mainly unfair action fitted in the mind of employees and they exile in negative way.Involve in decision making Corus is overcome to these barriers to involve the employee in management decision making and their contribution experience are recognised. Most of the company involve in decision making because more thinkers easy to solve their problem and management also get the different ideas and curb it in the process.Selective people who accept change Corus used this approach is based on the load of work, they create group on who accept the change and other who dont accept the change. Corus also highlighted that employee become accustomed to working with limited resources and were willing to accept low standards.Coercion Coercion means the act of impel or power to force or taking action or steps towards t he employee. In the Corus company, workers misuse of alcohol or drug so at that time give first warning and then after they not improve their work so give the punishment and cut out the salary.ConclusionCorus is using all the key technique and main of the approaches, like work closely with employee, involve in decision making, provide good working environment and become they achieve their targets new values like, honesty, fairness, transparency, integrity etc. and also they accept their high standards and making professionalism, and last one is making a team work to become achieve improvement, excellence and respect.4. Evaluate the effectiveness of the change programme so far?Introduction The Corus strip products UK make a cultural plan for change its called The Journey in the 2005. Company wants wide range of business challenges but the common theme was the fundamental way that people at all level went about their work. They must change the programme because there had been a tragic accident on site and other safety and health is more important issue.There are many effectiveness of this programme to change so farHigh production capacity Corus making a changes in the work environment and give a suggestion to closely work with employee and also arrange the training programme and give direction to workers how the produce more. Employee also knows what might happen in the company. Steel production area is make a secure and employee work without fear in the Corus industry.So its concluded thats depending on the above situation to give the good result. Its show in significant progress. Production capacity is increased by 4.5% to a run rate of 5 million tonnes.Reduce the cost of producing steel Corus is a steel producing industry so they must control on the steel liquid, gas, machinery power, and equipment. In the change programme Corus change the most of the thing to decrease the producing cost, like they do encourage their employee, provide proper environment.Thus CSP UK achieve the target of the plant is on track to reduce the 20% cost of producing steel.Increase the new comers employees to based on the values Corus is making a good value to base on the change programme. They change their values professionalism, honesty, integrity, respect, improvement, excellence, fairness and transparency. Depend on this value change in the society and new employee believes on its values and their belief. So based on this change programme Corus values and belief in the business is increased in the market. Thus new 5000 employees signed up in the company. low-down Absenteeism rate All company want to decrease their absenteeism rate and this is shown on the annual report. Corus making some changes in their policy and create a better environment to the benefit of their employee. Corus has improving the redesigning of time schedule and work without stress of employee. Thus in this change programme Corus achieve in this roles and it had a reduction in absentee ism.Improve quality and service Company must control the quality of products and it can avoid to the defective products or material. In last step is more important to attractive is their service desk area. Corus Company manufactured steel products. So they improve their steel quality and give the best service. Corus is achieving the level of good quality and improve the service to their customer.Increase the care of employee related to health and safety In the Corus strip products manufacture the steel so in the steel producing industry must show the health safety for their employee. CSP UK based company has associated with the high standards of safety with Corus processes. Corus taking step related to health and safety issue. So they create a new safety teams contribute towards accident free protection.Exceeds government standards CSP have showed the all significant area. It has that carbon dioxide emissions have reduced by 10%. Company is anything does for the government and for public also, so they must increase their credibility towards them. Now CSP UK exceeds the government standards.Impact on local community society Every company want to good impression on the society and towards their community. CSP UK has also measurable improvements in the companys impact on this a well delimit area or a town.Others CSP Company also seeing the environment factor and the social factor. Corus provide a new improve entry experience for employees, contractors and suppliers demonstrated. That Corus strip products is now seen as an organization that is proud of itself.ConclusionCorus company facing up to its internal weaknesses and efficiency, increased output, lower costs and reduce drift in an increasingly competitive market. Corus is not just surviving in the business but it has also grown in the market and expands to their company even during the recession time of 2008 to 2009.Its main aim is to behind this journey programme is a focused on the values and belief o f its people and also they needed to change to the tragic accidents on site and other health and safety issues.Thus this case study focuses on how Corus strip products UK has overcome barriers to change in order to secure a more prosperous future for the business.

Development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale

Development of the low in Chronic Illnesses ScalePatient Health Questionnaire depressive disorder plateful (PHQ) is an eighty-deuce point in whiles measure, divided into five clinical components (Kroenke, Spitzer Williams, 2001). PHQ is engaged to assess mood, anxiety, somatoform inclination, alcoholism and disorders related to eating habits. PHQ is found to be beneficial in primary c are settings because of the early screening and detection the disorder. Responses ranging from not at all to nearly every day and score from 0 to 3 points. Respondents asked to mark his/her effects they gone through by the past two weeks. PHQ has iii unforesightfuler versions one with nine items derived from the original version called Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 (PHQ-9), eight items and two item versions are called PHQ-8 (Kroenke, Strine, Spitzer, Williams, Berry Mokdad, 2008)and PHQ-2 respectively.Zung Depression Inventory (Zung, 1965) is a 20 items self- valuation slac k inventory for diagnosis depression in psychiatric settings. Where, 20 items divided into 10 negative statements and 10 positive statements, include affective, incarnate and psychological symptoms of depression. The response coiffe ranged from 1 (a little of the time) to 4 (most of the time) points home plate and the diagnostic scores divide into category of four. Scores ranging surrounded by 20-80 points, where, less(prenominal) than50 regarded normal, less than 60 as having mild depression, less than 70 as having study depression, while 70 and above regarded as severe major depression.Besides the adolescents and large depression measures, there was a need to have measures for assessing depression in geriatric people. There is not much work done on this issue. Depression is not a process of aging, though somewhat people affected by it in their late life. The reason could be retirement from jobs, impairment in daily r surfaceine, cognitive functioning, and decreased quality of life (Blazer, 2009). Among separate measure of depression available, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is uses commonly in hospitals and by other health care professionals (Yesav era, Brink, Rose, Lum, Huang, Adey Leirer, 1983). GDS is certain by Yesav be on (1982) in a dichotomous yes/no format, has two measures one is long form consisting 30-item questionnaire, while other is short form consisting 15-item questionnaire. GDS assessed the intensity of depression, participant felt in the preceding week (Greenberg, 2007).Children depression scales are significant components of assessing depression and their mental health. Childrens self-report measures of depression are relatively newer addition although fas shew emerging in clinical psychology because of the importance of the issue. Weinberg Depression Scale for Children and Adolescents (WDSCA) is a 56 items, dichotomous response format measure developed for assessing depression in children and adolescent long timed 5-21 years.An other commonly used questionnaire is Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Modified for Children (CES-DC) is a derivation of adult CES-D. CES-DC is a 20 items measure with the same statements although the wordings related to childrens level of comprehension (Faulstich, Carey Ruggiero, Enyart Gresham, 1986).One more measure for addressing depressive symptoms in damage of behavior and feelings in childrens is Childrens Depression Scale (CDS)-3rd Ed. CDS is a 50 item scale developed for the childrens 7 to 18 years of age. CDS has two depression and joy scales with separate forms for boys and girls (Poznannski, Cook Carroll, 1979).Multi-score Depression Inventory for Children (MDI-C) is developed for childrens age ranging between 8-12years. MDI-C is 79-items original scale and 47-items short version with true/false response format. MDI-C communicate childrens mood, affect, behavior, self-esteem, social interaction, defiance, and learned helplessness. Moreover there is another children inventory developed named Child Depression Inventory (CDI). CDI is an extension of BDI, with 27 items and 10 items scale for children and adolescents. The age is ranged between 7-17 years. CDI covers broad spectrum of childs behavior, emotional problems in home and school living for preceding 2 weeks.Likewise, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) developed by Angold Costello (1987) assess the childs recent feelings and affect. MFQ is a 33-items long form and 13-items short form, and score ranging between 0 (not true) to 2 (true) points.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGY enforce of self administered diagnostic tool for depression has been increased these days as a quick and reliable step in measuring depression for holy treatment regimen in patients with chronic illnesses.An analytical approach employed in the development of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (DCIS) i.e. the item excerption and the method of assessing the individuals level of Depression was based on a supposition. In the case of present scale the theory was that of Becks (1967). The theory holds that cognitive distortions, dysfunctional beliefs and negative thoughts about an experience are responsible for having depression (Compass Gotlib, 2002). Mental and behavioral problems interlinked and begin because of the negatively twisted thinking processes. Furthermore, depression has four major components that are affective, cognitive, behavioral and biological.The present study carried out in two phases, where the first phase involved in development of the DCIS scale whilst second phase in validation of the newly developed scale.Phase IDevelopment of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses ScaleThe development of scale involved following stepsStep 1 In-depth interview with chronically ill patients from various hospitals, view-points of health professionals and people from opposite community settings.ParticipantsThree distinct samples were taken for this step in which 30 participants (20 females and 10 males) of health professionals, 30 people (15 females and 15 males) from assorted community settings and 30 chronically ill patients (13 females and 17 males) from various hospitals of Karachi were recruited as respondents.ProcedureHealth care professionals30 (20 females and 10 males) health care professionals (e.g. doctors, psychologists nurses) were approached. Their age ranged between 25-40 years. Initially a brief literal presentation was shewn them about purpose of the study. Then they were bespeak to provide their view points for depression that could be their observation or experience in their lives (Annexure A, slope) and (Annexure B, Urdu). spare-time activity instruction was given along with two sheets of paper.Depression isa mental state described by ones feeling of sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and compunction.They were allowed to take out their views comfortably in any language i-e English or Urdu.People from community settings30 participants (15 females and 15 males) from different community settings i.e house wives, office workers, teachers and students from colleges and universities of Karachi were approached. Their age ranged from 18-45 years. Initially the reason of the study was extensively explained to them. Then they were requested to provide their view points about depression that could be their observation or experience in their lives (Annexure A, English) and (Annexure B, Urdu). Following instruction was given along with two sheets of paper.Depression isa mental state described by ones feeling of sadness, loneliness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and self-reproach.They were allowed to express their views easily in any language i-e English or Urdu.Chronically ill patients30 chronically ill patients (13females and 17 males) were approached from different hospitals of Karachi. Their age ranged between 28-48 years. They were extensively and clearly explained the purpose of study and the r eason for interview to put them in ease. They were further explained about confidentiality. A rigging-structured in-depth interview was done on each chronically ill patient individually that explored their perspective, cognitions, feelings and behaviors about their illness in general and specific situations of life. They were asked open-ended questions (Annexure C), such as how are you feeling today? Their responses were recorded for further analysis.ResultsThe information explored during semi-structured in-depth interview with patients was summarized and analyzed. The point of views provided by health professionals and people from different community settings used for content analysis. The data from patients, heath care professionals and people from different community settings was qualitatively analyzed and common and relevant content was retained and uncommon content discarded.Step 2 item writing and selectionInitially pool of the items were generated through quantitative analy sis by using the definitions provided by the chronically ill patients, health professionals and people from different community settings (step 1)Few items from established measures of depression such as Beck depression inventory (1967) were selected and those selected items were culturally relevant items as well. Primarily the selected items were translated in Urdu whence included in the item pool (step 2).Before given the item pool to the experts for order, the content of the items was closely inventoryd by the researcher and supervisor to find out major weaknesses. Omissions and inclusions according to their relevance in each component were made and repetitive items and ambiguous items were deleted.Then, to determine the construct stiffness of the final scale the panels of judges/psychologists were asked to scrutinize items of the scale keeping in focus the Beck model of Depression. Psychologists were given printed material on the theoretical model of Depression as proposed by Beck (1967), that explained briefly and scarce the three aspects of depression, along with few sample items from already developed scale of Beck depression Inventory.After giving the material on Becks (1967) theory they were requested to rate each item on a 1 to 5 rating scale according to its relevance in each of the three components (Annexure D). They were asked to give an item a score of 1 if it is not at all related to the component/concept in question and give a rating of 4 or 5 if the item seems to be highly related to the component/concept in question. The items that had an average rating of 4 and above were selected and the items that had rating below 4 were discarded. Psychologists were replied back with their expert perspective in an objective manner to rate the formulated items for each component of the scale. Finally selected items were cut down to 28 total items (Annexure E).Step 3 Pilot Study SampleA navigate study carried out by using the judges and psychologists rated scale and with the purpose of to evaluate the adequacy of scale and to make needed alterations accordingly. The sample of 60 (31 males 29 females) chronically ill patients and they were conveniently selected from various hospitals of Karachi. The age ranges of participants were between 18 to 50 years.ProcedureA 28 itemed scale was administered (Annexure F) on the participants with a demographic form in which they asked to write their name, age, education and illness. Those participants selected for pilot study who can comprehend Urdu easily. Further they were required to identify vague, repetitive, and difficult to understand items.ResultFinally selected scale after pilot study reduced to 18 items (Annexure G). Item those were difficult to understand, and vague for majority of the participants were excluded.Step 4 factor analysis and item total correlationSampleTo find out factor analysis and item total correlation, final Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (18 items) was a dministered on 270 (154 males, 116 females) chronically ill patients from various hospitals of Karachi. Their age ranged between 18- 50 years and they were conveniently selected.ProcedureLater than taking the written permission from hospitals authorities, participants were explained about the details and purpose of the study along with a short demographic form, consent form (Annexure I) and final Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale. Only those participants were included who volunteer to participate thus they could self-report the questionnaire. They were thusly requested to choose the one option of all eighteen items on DCIS, about which they think most related to their feelings during past six months. The choice of options was from powerfully agree, agree and disagree to strongly disagree.Phase II Validation of Chronic Illnesses ScaleThe second phase involved in determining the newly developed scales psychometric properties. Item total correlation, alpha internal trunk, split half reliability and convergent validity was calculatedReliability summarySample and procedureFor test re-tests reliability a sample consisted of 60 chronically ill patients (26 females, 34 males), age ranging from 18-50 years, recruited from various hospital of Karachi and for internal consistency analysis sample consisted of 270 chronically ill patients (103 males, 90 females) with the age range of 18-50 years from different hospitals of Karachi. The Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale was administered twice on participants at an interval of one week. Test re-tests reliability found out by computing Pearson r by using SPSS IBM version 22. Those participants comprehend easily the language of the scale were selected. For calculating internal consistency (item-total correlation inter-items correlation) Cronbachs alpha was computed and for split half reliability all items were divided randomly into two equal sets, then split-half reliability estimated by the proportion between th ese two total scores. severity AnalysisTo assess the convergent validity the two scales were administered along with DCIS on 100 chronically ill patients selected from various hospitals of Karachi, age ranging between 18 to 50 years. Only those participants were selected who were bilingual or easily comprehend English language. The two scales used for assessing convergent validity were,Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Radloff, 1977)Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD Hamilton, 1960)ProcedureParticipants were asked to complete the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was used by the administrator.MeasuresThe Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item self-report rating scale that assesses mood, somatic complaints, interactions with others, and motor functioning. Its a 4-point rating scale, scores ranges from 0-3 (ra rely or none of the time=0, some or little of the time=1, occasionally or a check over amount of time=2 and most or all of the time=3). The final score spans from 0 to 60, with a higher(prenominal) score indicating high intensity of depression. People with a final score of 16 or lower are identified as non-depressed however, the higher are typically identified as a depressive case (Annexure I).Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD Hamilton, 1960) is a 17-item, multiple choice clinician/health professionals observation rating scale, design to assess the severity of depression in terms of mood, somatic complains, work and activity, sleep and insight. Its a token of semi structured interview. Score ranging from 0-52, where score more than 23 indicative of very high intensity of depression, 19-22 high intensity, 14-18 moderate intensity, 8-13 mild and lower than 8 indicative of no depression (Annexure J).Cut off ScoresIn order to find out classificatory indices of DCIS, quartile 1, quartile 3 and intra-quartile had been calculated of eighteen items of the scale i.e. mild, moderate and severe level of depression in patients with chronic illnesses.ResultAfter computing the eighteen items of DCIS, the classificatory indices of the scores are, 0-16.25 indicates minimal depression, 17-25 indicates mild depression, 25-33 indicates moderate depression and more than 33 points indicates severe level of depression.Operational DefinitionsDepressionDepression generally a state of mood characterize by a demoralised sense of inadequacy dejection and a despondent lack of activity. Depression causes changes in view, emotion, behavior, and physical well-being. It is a widespread, intricate and complicated disorder, (Horwath, 2004).ReliabilityReliability of a test is referring to the consistency of a test.A test is reliable when it produces consistent and steady results over time (Phelan, Wren, 2005). There are different attributes of reliability in which, test re-test r eliability is a correlation between the scores of same group test at two different times on same test. This type of reliability uses to evaluate consistency of a test over time. Inter-rater reliability achieved by given a test to more than one judges for rating. The ratings then compare to establish the consistency of a test. Internal consistency reliability is correlation between items of the same test. Split half reliability is correlation between two halves of one test to assess the internal consistency of a test. Parallel-forms reliability is measured by comparing the correlation of scores of two different tests used for assessing same construct. These two tests administered at same time on same sampleValidityValidity is one of the basic attributes of a test. Validity is a degree to which a test is measure what claims to measure (Cronbach, 1971). A test would be considered valid when it efficiently measures the specific characteristic that it means to be measure. There are four common types of estimation validity. Predictive validity is referring to the accuracy that how well a test guesses the future performance. The usual method is use to measure the approach to predict the future behavior solely on the basis of obtained scores. Criterion related validity used to predict future or current performance on a test. Content validity is referring to the extent to which how much a test represents every single item of the same construct. make believe validity refer to the extent to which a test measure a theoretical construct or attribute. Convergent and discriminant validity are two type of construct validity in which construct validity refers to which a test positively correlate with other measure of same construct while discriminant validity refer to a test does not correlate with other measure of different construct (Campbell Fisk, 1959a).

The Benefits and Risks of Breast Augmentation Essay -- Breast Implant

The Benefits and Risks of Breast AugmentationEvery day women are bombarded with images of beautiful models with thin figures and huge round breast. In striving to achieve the ?ideal? body graphic symbol women are altering their bodies cosmetic surgery has increased enormously in the past few years. Breast augmentation alone has increased 500% since 1992. What are the benefits of having large-minded voluptuous breasts? Do the benefits overweigh the risks?There are two main types of breast implants. One is filled with silicone gel and the other is filled with saline (sterile salt water) both of these implants have an outer silicone shell. Prior to 1991 both types of implants were approved by the FDA, but in April of 1992 silicone filled implants were restricted by the FDA to patients with take of reconstruction, replacement of deformities, and replacement of pluckd silicone-gel filled implants that were used for augmentation. Saline filled implants are currently approved by the FD A for women 18 years old or elder desiring breast augmentation and for reconstruction in women of all ages.The restriction on silicone filled implants was provoked by the concern that the leaking of silicone gel could be prejudicial to the body in the case that an implant ruptured. By contrast, a saline filled implant would only release salt water in to the body. save saline filled implants are not completely risk free. An implant is a foreign object in your body thus the body spate and typically does form scar tissue around it. This scar tissue can squeeze and harden the implant causing it to rupture. The tightening and squeezing is called capsular contracture and may cause hardening of the breast, rippling of the skin, and changes in breast shape... ...not scientifically proven, many health risks may arise from breast implants. Such risks include rupture of implants, loss of sensation, inability to breast feed, hardening of breast tissue, rippling of the skin, and interfere nce in the detection of breast cancer. There are other ways to farm a woman?s breast but in the end it is her decision as to what route she wants to take. BibliographyCalifornia or Bust. Author Wallace, Amy. Source Los Angeles mag V. no 1 (Jan 2002) P 40-45Saline Breast Implants Stay on Market as Experts Warn about Risks. Author Linda Bren. Source FDA Consumer 34 no4 Jl/Ag 2000 P 9-11Implanting Fear. Author B. D. Daniel & Michael Weiss. Source National Review v47 P50 O 9 1995Breast Surgeries Experiencing High Inflation Rates. Author Judith Messina. Source Crain?s New York stemma v18 no14 P4, 34 Ap 8-14 2002

Electronic Payment System Essay -- Technology Essays

electronic Payment formation I. IntroductionWith the continuing rapid growth of E-commerce, executions on the Internet have been increasing exponentially. And such(prenominal) transactions require some reliable and underwrite payment transcriptions. In fact, one of the key factors in the success of E-commerce is the development of convenient, reliable and secure electronic payment system. To understand the issues and current activities regarding the development of electronic payment system, I discuss the following in this paper. Existing paper-based payment system Major issues in designing an electronic payment system Electronic payment system II. Existing paper-based payment systemThe existing paper-based payment system can be largely classified as paper checks and book of facts card systems. In a paper checks processing system, the cost of normal operations is frequently outweighed by the costs a ssociated with exception handling. If a typical transaction costs US 5 cents to process, and the manual labor associated with handling errors and exceptions comes to an average of $25, even with an error pace of only two per thousand, exception costs entrust equal normal processing costs. As electronic processing drives down the cost of normal transactions, exception handling becomes relatively more significant. Payment systems mustiness therefore be implemented to the highest standards of reliability, with automated procedures for recovering from errors whenever possible. On the other hand, the credit card system was designed to provide immediate gratification of the wants of consumers by allowing them to purchase goods or services on credit... ...tions of functions, price, and performance. The paper world, after all, has many unalike instruments, which embody different tradeoffs among risk, cost, complexity, responsiveness, and the time until the transaction is final. The sam e variety should be expected in electronic credit and debit systems. Yet new technologies uncover new slipway to distribute risk, liability, and cost among the parties to a transaction. They will interpret somewhat longer to develop, however, as they require changes in regulatory assumptions, case law, and participant behavior, all of which win much more slowly than technology does. character reference 1. Credits and Debits on the Internet, Marvin A. Sirbu, Carnegie Mellon University, 19972. http//www.cybercash.com3. http//www.setco.org Electronic Payment System Essay -- Technology EssaysElectronic Payment System I. IntroductionWith the continuing rapid growth of E-commerce, transactions on the Internet have been increasing exponentially. And such transactions require some reliable and secure payment systems. In fact, one of the key fact ors in the success of E-commerce is the development of convenient, reliable and secure electronic payment system. To understand the issues and current activities regarding the development of electronic payment system, I discuss the following in this paper. Existing paper-based payment system Major issues in designing an electronic payment system Electronic payment system II. Existing paper-based payment systemThe existing paper-based payment system can be largely classified as paper checks and credit card systems. In a paper checks processing system, the cost of normal operations is frequently outweighed by the costs associated with exception handling. If a typical transaction costs US 5 cents to process, and the manual labor associated with handling errors and exceptions comes to an average of $25, even with an error rate of only two per thousand, exception costs will equal normal processing costs. As electronic processing drives down the cost of nor mal transactions, exception handling becomes relatively more significant. Payment systems must therefore be implemented to the highest standards of reliability, with automated procedures for recovering from errors whenever possible. On the other hand, the credit card system was designed to provide immediate gratification of the wants of consumers by allowing them to purchase goods or services on credit... ...tions of functions, price, and performance. The paper world, after all, has many different instruments, which embody different tradeoffs among risk, cost, complexity, responsiveness, and the time until the transaction is final. The same variety should be expected in electronic credit and debit systems. Yet new technologies uncover new ways to distribute risk, liability, and cost among the parties to a transaction. They will take somewhat longer to develop, however, as they require changes in regulatory assumptions, case law, and participant behavior, all of which evolve much more slowly than technology does. Reference 1. Credits and Debits on the Internet, Marvin A. Sirbu, Carnegie Mellon University, 19972. http//www.cybercash.com3. http//www.setco.org